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dput-ng is a brand-new retake
of the classic Debian tool, dput. We’ve made some important changes, which are
documented here. Please get acquainted with the documentation, in order to
fully understand the changes.
Many have asked “why rewrite dput”, or “why not work with dput”?
Frankly, when it comes down to it, we were concerned with the bitrot that is
present in old dput, and decided to spend our time designing dput-ng to support
all of our ideas from the ground up, rather then further mangling old dput’s
codebase to support them.
As far as what features, the biggest improvements in our mind are:
Enhanced and configurable pre-upload checks baked in and enabled by
default to make sure you do not accidentally upload a package which is not
suitable for archives
Support for external third party checkers
Fragmented configuration, to allow external packages to include checks.
Real SFTP support
Dynamic checker behavior depending on host / profile
Support for all checksums, Debian Changes files support (MD5, SHA1, SHA256)
Full dcut support, including Debian Maintainer permission handling
We’re both really big fans of dput, so we’ve decided to maintain 100%
compatibility with dput in dput-ng, as well as automagically reading from the
old-style dput.cf conf files.
You might see some behavior change, but we believe it to be in the spirit
of the original incarnation of dput. All the new features and functionality
is fully disable-able, and you should be able to use dput-ng just like
you were before.
dput-ng also features a lot of new features that might be of interest
to Debian derivatives, such as the ability to add a new upload target
(now called profiles) and unique checks, without having to fork dput.
Changes which make extending dput downstream will likely be accepted
in dput main. Please consider contributing.
Welcome! This is a helpful starting guide for anyone looking to switch from
dput to dput-ng. dput-ng features a few interesting changes, so it’s worthwhile
to run through this helpful starting guide.
More and better behaved checks are enabled by default, and more are
ready for use out of the box, if you so wish.
post-upload hook and pre-upload checks (or hooks) may be written
in Python, and have access to the objects which matter. For more on
writing one, Writing Hooks may provide some insight.
This is not finished. There are bits to be done, but this shows a decent
amount of progress being made on the tool, and is mostly ready for limited
use by technical people.
Bug reports are extremely welcome.
Ideas are extremely welcome.
Contributors are extremely welcome – of all kinds (technical or
otherwise) (see Contributing to dput)
There are a few changes between dput and dput-ng’s handling of configuration
files. The changes can be a bit overwhelming, but stick to what’s in here
and it should all make great sense.
Firstly, you should know dput-ng fully supports the old dput.cf style
configuration file. However, it also defines its own own,
JSON encoded. Settings which are
specific to dput-ng, in particular hooks and profiles can only be defined
in dput-ng’s configuration style. It is possible to run dput-ng with old-style
configuration files only, with new-style configuration files only and even with
shared profiles, where both new-style and old-style dput configuration files
partially define behavior of a stanza.
By default, dput-ng will look for configuration files in one of three places:
/usr/share/dput-ng/, /etc/dput.d/ and ~/.dput.d/. Files in each
location are additive, except in the case of a key conflict, in which case,
the key is overridden by the next file. The idea here is that packages must
ship defaults in /usr/share/dput-ng. If the system admin wishes to override
the defaults on a per-host basis, the file may be overridden in /etc/dput.d.
If a user wishes to override either of the decisions above, they may modify
it in the local ~/.dput.d directory.
Defaults (e.g. the old [DEFAULT] section) are shared (new-style location is in
profiles/DEFAULT.json), so changing default behavior should affect the
target, regardless of how it’s defined. In the case of two defaults conflicting,
the new-style configuration is chosen.
New-style config files have two core attributes – class and name.
For a upload target, that’s known as a profile. Technically speaking, any
config file is located in ${CONFIG_DIR}/class/name.json.
Keys can also be prefixed with one of three “operators”. Operators tell
dput-ng to preform an operation on the data structure when merging the
layers together.
Addition:
# global configuration block{"foo":['one','two']}# local configuration block{"+foo":['three']}# resulting data structure:{"foo":['one','two','three']}
Subtraction:
# global configuration block{"foo":['one','two','three']}# local configuration block{"-foo":['three']}# resulting data structure:{"foo":['one','two']}
Assignment:
# It should be noted that this *IS* the same as not prefixing the block# by an "=" operator. Please don't use this? Kay? It just uses up cycles# and is only here to be a logical extension of the last two.# global configuration block{"foo":['one','two','three']}# local configuration block{"=foo":['three']}# resulting data structure:{"foo":['three']}
The most complex part of these files is the “meta” target. Internally, this
will fetch the config file from the metas class with the name provided
in the config’s meta attribute. The resulting object is placed under
the config.
Meta configs can declare another meta config, but will not work if it’s
self-referencing. Don’t do that.
You’ll notice the old-style substring replacement is the same. While looking
a bit deeper, you’ll also notice that we inherit from the Ubuntu meta-class.
It’s idiomatic to just extend what you get from your parent (e.g. use the
prefix operators + or -, so that you don’t have to duplicate the same
list over and over.
This is one of the bigger areas in which hands are needed. Adding new features
and refactoring the codebase is a lot of work, and the more people who
want to help with such tasks, the better!
dput-ng is extremely pythonic, and it aims to be something enjoyable to hack
on. We aim to be, at any time, pep8 clean, pyflakes clean, well-tested
and fully documented.
If you decide to contribute, please stick to the following rules:
Use names that make sense. In general, try to make the import as
descriptive as you can. fromdput.fooimportbar_function is pretty
lame, try something like fromdput.profileimportload_profile.
When you contribute a fix, please also contribute some tests to verify
what you’ve done. That’s fine if you don’t use TDD, in fact, most of us
here at dput-ng HQ don’t.
docstring all the things. Use RST for the docstring blocks, there’s
a good chance it’ll show up in the docs.
Please be explicit about licensing.
Please add your name to AUTHORS, on the first commit.
Documentation is another huge effort that’s been going on. Working to better
document dput is something that’s really important. Working on tutorials,
reviewing old & outdated docs, or expanding on existing documentation is
something that’s sorely needed.
If you’re also technical, documenting the internals is an ongoing effort,
so any help there would be amazing.
Some rules here, too:
Be sure to write in complete and clear English.
Cross-reference as much as you can. It really helps.
Include lots of examples.
As for feedback as you go along. Also be sure to have a technical person
on the dput team review your work for slight errors as you go along.
Be explicit about licensing
Please add yourself to AUTHORS on your first commit.
Hooks are hugely important as well. Writing new hooks is insanely cool,
and sharing them back with the dput-ng community & friends is an awesome thing
to do on it’s own.
Some other random guidelines we thought up:
In general, treat your hook as self-contained and independent.
If you feel your checker hook be in the dput main, please ensure it’s
properly clean, follows the code guidelines above, and finds a nice home
somewhere in the dput codebase. Make sure it’s below dput.hooks,
though.
It must be distributable under the terms of the GPL-2+ license. Permissive
licenses such as Expat or BSD-3 should be fine. When in doubt, ask!
This guide will cover exactly how dput-ng handles hooks, and the proper way
to install, distribute and tool with hooks. Remember, Hooks are your friend!
Well, it’s pretty simple, actually – a hook is a Python importable function
that takes a few arguments, which are populated with internal dput-ng objects.
These objects contain such things as a way to talk to the user, the processed
.changes file, and the upload target.
Hooks can run either before or after an upload, and hooks that run before
the upload may halt an upload by raising a
dput.exceptions.HookException (or a subclass of that).
Alright, you mentioned Python-importable, what exactly does that mean?¶
The path given is a fully qualified path to the hook. Here’s an example:
>>> fromos.pathimportabspath
The dput-ng style “fully qualified path” to that function (abspath) would
be:
os.path.abspath
It’s really that simple.
Note
It’s also worth noting dput-ng adds a few directories to sys.path to
aid with debugging and distributing trivial scripts. For each directory
in dput.core.CONFIG_LOCATIONS, that directory plus “scripts” will
be added to the system path, so (commonly) ~/.dput.d/scripts and
/etc/dput.d/scripts are valid Python path roots to dput-ng.
Let’s do a simple checker – one that fails out if Arno is the maintainer:
defcheck_for_arno(changes,profile,interface):""" The ``arno`` checker will explode in a firey mess if Arno tries to upload anything to the archive. This checker doesn't change it's behavior given any Profile codes. """maintainer=changes['Maintainer']if"arno@debian.org"inmaintainer:raiseHookException("Arno's not allowed to Upload.")
I’ve saved this file to ~/.dput.d/scripts/arno.py. It should be noted that
dput-ng can now import this file as arno, and the command (from inside
dput-ng) fromarnoimportcheck_for_arno will work.
Since we need to tell dput-ng about this hook, we need to drop it’s def into
a dput hook directory. Let’s use our home directory again, even though it should
be noted both /usr/share/dput-ng/ and /etc/dput.d/ will work as well.
I’ve placed arno.json into ~/.dput.d/hooks/arno.json:
{"description":"Blow up if Arno's maintaining this package.","path":"arno.check_for_arno","pre":true}
The pre key, or the post key must be present and set to a boolean. If no
key is given, it assumes it’s a pre checker. The path is the
Python-importable path to the hook function, and description is for humans
looking to get some information on the hook.
We can make sure it works using dirt(1):
$ dirt info --hook arno
The ``arno`` checker will explode in a firey mess if Arno tries to upload
anything to the archive.
This checker doesn't change it's behavior given any Profile codes.
Remember, this pulls from the docstring, so please leave docstrings!
OK. Now that dput-ng is aware of the plugin, we can add it to a profile by
adding a “plus-key” to your profile choice. Let’s add this to ftp-master,
since we want to make sure Arno never uploads there.
Here’s my (user-local) ftp-master config ~/.dput.d/profiles/ftp-master.json:
{"+hooks":["arno"]}
If you want to learn more about why this syntax works, I’d suggest checking out
the Configuration File Overview documentation.
So, let’s try uploading:
$ dput [...]
[...]
running check-debs: makes sure the upload contains a binary package
running checksum: verify checksums before uploading
running suite-mismatch: check the target distribution for common errors
running arno: Blow up if Arno's maintaining this package.
Arno's not allowed to Upload.
$ echo $?
1
Whether a hook runs before or after uploading a package is a
matter of the JSON configuration file. Aside, they are identical.
Hooks are a fundamental part of dput-ng. Hooks make sure the package
you’ve prepared is actually fit to upload given the target & current profile.
In general, one should implement hooks for things that the remote server
would ideally check for before accepting a package. Going beyond that is OK,
providing you have the user’s go-ahead to do so.
Remember, this isn’t some sort of magical restriction to upload, most remote
servers would be happy with almost anything you put there, these are simply
to help reduce the time to notice big errors.
Pre-upload Hooks are a simple function which is invoked with a few objects to
help aid in the checking process & reduce code.
Pre-upload hooks will always be run before an upload, and will be given the
digested .changes object, the current profile & a way to interface with the
user.
Pre-upload hooks (at their core) should preform a single check (as simply as it
can), and either raise a subclass of dput.exceptions.HookException
or return normally.
Post-upload hooks work likewise. They are just simple hooks as well, that are
slightly different to pre-upload hooks. Firstly, register as a hook by placing
the plugin def in the hooks class. In the event of an error, feel free to
just bail out. There’s not much you can do, and throwing an error is bad form.
For now. This is likely to change.
Throughout this overview, we’ll be looking at the
dput.hooks.checksum.validate_checksums() pre-upload hook. It’s one of the
most simple hooks, and demonstrates the concept very clearly.
To start to understand how this all works, let’s take a step back and
look at how dput.hook.run_hook() invokes the hook-function.
Basically, run_hook will grab all the strings in the hooks key
of the profile. They are just that – simply strings. The hook are looked
up using dput.util.get_obj() (which calls
dput.util.load_config() to resolve the .json definition of the hook).
All hooks are declared in the hooks config class, and look
something like the following:
We’re passed three objects – the changes, profile and interface.
The changes object is an instance of dput.changes.Changes,
pre-loaded with the target of this upload action. profile is a simple
dict, with the current upload profile. interface is a subclass of
dput.interface.AbstractInterface, ready to be used to talk
to the user, if something comes up.
During runtime, and for any reason the checker sees fit to do so, the hook
may abort the upload by raising a subclass of a
dput.exceptions.HookException. In cases where the user aught to
make the decision (lintian errors, etc), please prompt the user for
what to do, rather then blindly raising the error. Remember, the user can’t
override a checker’s failure except by disabling the checker. Moreover, never
prompt for inputs directly. Use the dput.interface.AbstractInterface
interface to prompt for data in a uniform way.
Don’t make people disable you. Be nice.
Let’s take a look at our reference implementation again:
defvalidate_checksums(changes,profile,interface):try:changes.validate_checksums(check_hash=profile["hash"])exceptChangesFileExceptionase:raiseHashValidationError("Bad checksums on %s: %s"%(changes.get_filename(),e))
As you can see, the checker verifies the hashsums, catches any Exceptions
thrown by the code it uses, and raises sane error text. The Exception
raised (dput.hooks.checksum.HashValidationError) is a subclass
of the expected dput.exceptions.HookException.
The documentation here is to document the internal implementation of dput,
for use by new contributors, old contributors, bus-factor reasons, checker
hackers, and interested persons.
The core is a place where all the central objects live. This is used so that
all the different modules in dput can access common constants. This helps us
fake data (great for testing), and maintain sanity.
Printing to the screen using print() is wrong, m’kay? Please do not
use it under any conditions. In it’s place, we have a central logger
object, to use as all the bits of dput see fit.
The logger object is an instantiation of dput.logger.DputLogger, so
feel free to use any if it’s logging methods. In general, don’t use
info or above, unless the user really needs to know. Most calls should be
to debug or trace.
Example usage:
fromdput.coreimportloggerlogger.debug("Hello, World!")logger.warning("OH MY DEAR GOD")
The core contains two config directories, which are used by the config
modules (as well as other, more friendly places).
All configs are in the form of a dict, the key being the path, and the
value being the “weight” of the path. The higher the weight, the less
important it is.
dput.util.load_config() is used to access a config from this list,
and handles meta-classes, and other edge cases when loading. Please use
dput.util.load_config() to load config files from these locations.
This is mostly just used internally, please don’t use this directly unless you know what you’re doing(tm). In most cases, dput.profile.load_profile() and dput.profile.profiles() will do the trick.
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// Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
var root = this;
// Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
var previousUnderscore = root._;
// Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
var breaker = {};
// Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
// Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
var slice = ArrayProto.slice,
unshift = ArrayProto.unshift,
toString = ObjProto.toString,
hasOwnProperty = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
// All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
// are declared here.
var
nativeForEach = ArrayProto.forEach,
nativeMap = ArrayProto.map,
nativeReduce = ArrayProto.reduce,
nativeReduceRight = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
nativeFilter = ArrayProto.filter,
nativeEvery = ArrayProto.every,
nativeSome = ArrayProto.some,
nativeIndexOf = ArrayProto.indexOf,
nativeLastIndexOf = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
nativeIsArray = Array.isArray,
nativeKeys = Object.keys,
nativeBind = FuncProto.bind;
// Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
var _ = function(obj) { return new wrapper(obj); };
// Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
// backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
// the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
// for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
exports = module.exports = _;
}
exports._ = _;
} else {
root['_'] = _;
}
// Current version.
_.VERSION = '1.3.1';
// Collection Functions
// --------------------
// The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
// Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
if (obj == null) return;
if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
obj.forEach(iterator, context);
} else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
if (i in obj && iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
}
} else {
for (var key in obj) {
if (_.has(obj, key)) {
if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
}
}
}
};
// Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
_.map = _.collect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
var results = [];
if (obj == null) return results;
if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
});
if (obj.length === +obj.length) results.length = obj.length;
return results;
};
// **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
// or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
_.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
var initial = arguments.length > 2;
if (obj == null) obj = [];
if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
}
each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
if (!initial) {
memo = value;
initial = true;
} else {
memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
}
});
if (!initial) throw new TypeError('Reduce of empty array with no initial value');
return memo;
};
// The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
_.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
var initial = arguments.length > 2;
if (obj == null) obj = [];
if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
return initial ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
}
var reversed = _.toArray(obj).reverse();
if (context && !initial) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
return initial ? _.reduce(reversed, iterator, memo, context) : _.reduce(reversed, iterator);
};
// Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
_.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
var result;
any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
result = value;
return true;
}
});
return result;
};
// Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
// Aliased as `select`.
_.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
var results = [];
if (obj == null) return results;
if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
});
return results;
};
// Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
_.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
var results = [];
if (obj == null) return results;
each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
if (!iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
});
return results;
};
// Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
// Aliased as `all`.
_.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
var result = true;
if (obj == null) return result;
if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
});
return result;
};
// Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
// Aliased as `any`.
var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
var result = false;
if (obj == null) return result;
if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
});
return !!result;
};
// Determine if a given value is included in the array or object using `===`.
// Aliased as `contains`.
_.include = _.contains = function(obj, target) {
var found = false;
if (obj == null) return found;
if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
found = any(obj, function(value) {
return value === target;
});
return found;
};
// Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
_.invoke = function(obj, method) {
var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
return _.map(obj, function(value) {
return (_.isFunction(method) ? method || value : value[method]).apply(value, args);
});
};
// Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
_.pluck = function(obj, key) {
return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
};
// Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
_.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return -Infinity;
var result = {computed : -Infinity};
each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
});
return result.value;
};
// Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
_.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return Infinity;
var result = {computed : Infinity};
each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
});
return result.value;
};
// Shuffle an array.
_.shuffle = function(obj) {
var shuffled = [], rand;
each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
if (index == 0) {
shuffled[0] = value;
} else {
rand = Math.floor(Math.random() * (index + 1));
shuffled[index] = shuffled[rand];
shuffled[rand] = value;
}
});
return shuffled;
};
// Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
_.sortBy = function(obj, iterator, context) {
return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
return {
value : value,
criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
};
}).sort(function(left, right) {
var a = left.criteria, b = right.criteria;
return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
}), 'value');
};
// Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
// to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
_.groupBy = function(obj, val) {
var result = {};
var iterator = _.isFunction(val) ? val : function(obj) { return obj[val]; };
each(obj, function(value, index) {
var key = iterator(value, index);
(result[key] || (result[key] = [])).push(value);
});
return result;
};
// Use a comparator function to figure out at what index an object should
// be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
_.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator) {
iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
var low = 0, high = array.length;
while (low < high) {
var mid = (low + high) >> 1;
iterator(array[mid]) < iterator(obj) ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
}
return low;
};
// Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
_.toArray = function(iterable) {
if (!iterable) return [];
if (iterable.toArray) return iterable.toArray();
if (_.isArray(iterable)) return slice.call(iterable);
if (_.isArguments(iterable)) return slice.call(iterable);
return _.values(iterable);
};
// Return the number of elements in an object.
_.size = function(obj) {
return _.toArray(obj).length;
};
// Array Functions
// ---------------
// Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
// values in the array. Aliased as `head`. The **guard** check allows it to work
// with `_.map`.
_.first = _.head = function(array, n, guard) {
return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
};
// Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especcialy useful on
// the arguments object. Passing **n** will return all the values in
// the array, excluding the last N. The **guard** check allows it to work with
// `_.map`.
_.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
return slice.call(array, 0, array.length - ((n == null) || guard ? 1 : n));
};
// Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
// values in the array. The **guard** check allows it to work with `_.map`.
_.last = function(array, n, guard) {
if ((n != null) && !guard) {
return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
} else {
return array[array.length - 1];
}
};
// Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail`.
// Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **index** will return
// the rest of the values in the array from that index onward. The **guard**
// check allows it to work with `_.map`.
_.rest = _.tail = function(array, index, guard) {
return slice.call(array, (index == null) || guard ? 1 : index);
};
// Trim out all falsy values from an array.
_.compact = function(array) {
return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
};
// Return a completely flattened version of an array.
_.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
return _.reduce(array, function(memo, value) {
if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(shallow ? value : _.flatten(value));
memo[memo.length] = value;
return memo;
}, []);
};
// Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
_.without = function(array) {
return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
};
// Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
// been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
// Aliased as `unique`.
_.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iterator) {
var initial = iterator ? _.map(array, iterator) : array;
var result = [];
_.reduce(initial, function(memo, el, i) {
if (0 == i || (isSorted === true ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) {
memo[memo.length] = el;
result[result.length] = array[i];
}
return memo;
}, []);
return result;
};
// Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
// the passed-in arrays.
_.union = function() {
return _.uniq(_.flatten(arguments, true));
};
// Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
// passed-in arrays. (Aliased as "intersect" for back-compat.)
_.intersection = _.intersect = function(array) {
var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
return _.every(rest, function(other) {
return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
});
});
};
// Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
// Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
_.difference = function(array) {
var rest = _.flatten(slice.call(arguments, 1));
return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.include(rest, value); });
};
// Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
// an index go together.
_.zip = function() {
var args = slice.call(arguments);
var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
var results = new Array(length);
for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
return results;
};
// If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
// we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
// item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
// If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
// for **isSorted** to use binary search.
_.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
if (array == null) return -1;
var i, l;
if (isSorted) {
i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
}
if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
for (i = 0, l = array.length; i < l; i++) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
return -1;
};
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
_.lastIndexOf = function(array, item) {
if (array == null) return -1;
if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) return array.lastIndexOf(item);
var i = array.length;
while (i--) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
return -1;
};
// Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
// the native Python `range()` function. See
// [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
_.range = function(start, stop, step) {
if (arguments.length <= 1) {
stop = start || 0;
start = 0;
}
step = arguments[2] || 1;
var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
var idx = 0;
var range = new Array(len);
while(idx < len) {
range[idx++] = start;
start += step;
}
return range;
};
// Function (ahem) Functions
// ------------------
// Reusable constructor function for prototype setting.
var ctor = function(){};
// Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
// optionally). Binding with arguments is also known as `curry`.
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if available.
// We check for `func.bind` first, to fail fast when `func` is undefined.
_.bind = function bind(func, context) {
var bound, args;
if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
if (!_.isFunction(func)) throw new TypeError;
args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
return bound = function() {
if (!(this instanceof bound)) return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
ctor.prototype = func.prototype;
var self = new ctor;
var result = func.apply(self, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
if (Object(result) === result) return result;
return self;
};
};
// Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
// all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
_.bindAll = function(obj) {
var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
if (funcs.length == 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
return obj;
};
// Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
_.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
var memo = {};
hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
return function() {
var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
return _.has(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
};
};
// Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
// it with the arguments supplied.
_.delay = function(func, wait) {
var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(func, args); }, wait);
};
// Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
// cleared.
_.defer = function(func) {
return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(slice.call(arguments, 1)));
};
// Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
// during a given window of time.
_.throttle = function(func, wait) {
var context, args, timeout, throttling, more;
var whenDone = _.debounce(function(){ more = throttling = false; }, wait);
return function() {
context = this; args = arguments;
var later = function() {
timeout = null;
if (more) func.apply(context, args);
whenDone();
};
if (!timeout) timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
if (throttling) {
more = true;
} else {
func.apply(context, args);
}
whenDone();
throttling = true;
};
};
// Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
// be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
// N milliseconds.
_.debounce = function(func, wait) {
var timeout;
return function() {
var context = this, args = arguments;
var later = function() {
timeout = null;
func.apply(context, args);
};
clearTimeout(timeout);
timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
};
};
// Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
// often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
_.once = function(func) {
var ran = false, memo;
return function() {
if (ran) return memo;
ran = true;
return memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
};
};
// Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
// allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
// conditionally execute the original function.
_.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
return function() {
var args = [func].concat(slice.call(arguments, 0));
return wrapper.apply(this, args);
};
};
// Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
// consuming the return value of the function that follows.
_.compose = function() {
var funcs = arguments;
return function() {
var args = arguments;
for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
}
return args[0];
};
};
// Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
_.after = function(times, func) {
if (times <= 0) return func();
return function() {
if (--times < 1) { return func.apply(this, arguments); }
};
};
// Object Functions
// ----------------
// Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
// Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
_.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
var keys = [];
for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
return keys;
};
// Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
_.values = function(obj) {
return _.map(obj, _.identity);
};
// Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
// Aliased as `methods`
_.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
var names = [];
for (var key in obj) {
if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
}
return names.sort();
};
// Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
_.extend = function(obj) {
each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
for (var prop in source) {
obj[prop] = source[prop];
}
});
return obj;
};
// Fill in a given object with default properties.
_.defaults = function(obj) {
each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
for (var prop in source) {
if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
}
});
return obj;
};
// Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
_.clone = function(obj) {
if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
};
// Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
// The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
// order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
_.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
interceptor(obj);
return obj;
};
// Internal recursive comparison function.
function eq(a, b, stack) {
// Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
// See the Harmony `egal` proposal: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal.
if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
// A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
// Unwrap any wrapped objects.
if (a._chain) a = a._wrapped;
if (b._chain) b = b._wrapped;
// Invoke a custom `isEqual` method if one is provided.
if (a.isEqual && _.isFunction(a.isEqual)) return a.isEqual(b);
if (b.isEqual && _.isFunction(b.isEqual)) return b.isEqual(a);
// Compare `[[Class]]` names.
var className = toString.call(a);
if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
switch (className) {
// Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
case '[object String]':
// Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
// equivalent to `new String("5")`.
return a == String(b);
case '[object Number]':
// `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
// other numeric values.
return a != +a ? b != +b : (a == 0 ? 1 / a == 1 / b : a == +b);
case '[object Date]':
case '[object Boolean]':
// Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
// millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
// of `NaN` are not equivalent.
return +a == +b;
// RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
case '[object RegExp]':
return a.source == b.source &&
a.global == b.global &&
a.multiline == b.multiline &&
a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
}
if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
// Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
// structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
var length = stack.length;
while (length--) {
// Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
// unique nested structures.
if (stack[length] == a) return true;
}
// Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
stack.push(a);
var size = 0, result = true;
// Recursively compare objects and arrays.
if (className == '[object Array]') {
// Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
size = a.length;
result = size == b.length;
if (result) {
// Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
while (size--) {
// Ensure commutative equality for sparse arrays.
if (!(result = size in a == size in b && eq(a[size], b[size], stack))) break;
}
}
} else {
// Objects with different constructors are not equivalent.
if ('constructor' in a != 'constructor' in b || a.constructor != b.constructor) return false;
// Deep compare objects.
for (var key in a) {
if (_.has(a, key)) {
// Count the expected number of properties.
size++;
// Deep compare each member.
if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], stack))) break;
}
}
// Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
if (result) {
for (key in b) {
if (_.has(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
}
result = !size;
}
}
// Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
stack.pop();
return result;
}
// Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
_.isEqual = function(a, b) {
return eq(a, b, []);
};
// Is a given array, string, or object empty?
// An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
_.isEmpty = function(obj) {
if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) return false;
return true;
};
// Is a given value a DOM element?
_.isElement = function(obj) {
return !!(obj && obj.nodeType == 1);
};
// Is a given value an array?
// Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
_.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
return toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
};
// Is a given variable an object?
_.isObject = function(obj) {
return obj === Object(obj);
};
// Is a given variable an arguments object?
_.isArguments = function(obj) {
return toString.call(obj) == '[object Arguments]';
};
if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
_.isArguments = function(obj) {
return !!(obj && _.has(obj, 'callee'));
};
}
// Is a given value a function?
_.isFunction = function(obj) {
return toString.call(obj) == '[object Function]';
};
// Is a given value a string?
_.isString = function(obj) {
return toString.call(obj) == '[object String]';
};
// Is a given value a number?
_.isNumber = function(obj) {
return toString.call(obj) == '[object Number]';
};
// Is the given value `NaN`?
_.isNaN = function(obj) {
// `NaN` is the only value for which `===` is not reflexive.
return obj !== obj;
};
// Is a given value a boolean?
_.isBoolean = function(obj) {
return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) == '[object Boolean]';
};
// Is a given value a date?
_.isDate = function(obj) {
return toString.call(obj) == '[object Date]';
};
// Is the given value a regular expression?
_.isRegExp = function(obj) {
return toString.call(obj) == '[object RegExp]';
};
// Is a given value equal to null?
_.isNull = function(obj) {
return obj === null;
};
// Is a given variable undefined?
_.isUndefined = function(obj) {
return obj === void 0;
};
// Has own property?
_.has = function(obj, key) {
return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
};
// Utility Functions
// -----------------
// Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
// previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
_.noConflict = function() {
root._ = previousUnderscore;
return this;
};
// Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
_.identity = function(value) {
return value;
};
// Run a function **n** times.
_.times = function (n, iterator, context) {
for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) iterator.call(context, i);
};
// Escape a string for HTML interpolation.
_.escape = function(string) {
return (''+string).replace(/&/g, '&').replace(//g, '>').replace(/"/g, '"').replace(/'/g, ''').replace(/\//g,'/');
};
// Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object, ensuring that
// they're correctly added to the OOP wrapper as well.
_.mixin = function(obj) {
each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
addToWrapper(name, _[name] = obj[name]);
});
};
// Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
// Useful for temporary DOM ids.
var idCounter = 0;
_.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
var id = idCounter++;
return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
};
// By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
// following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
_.templateSettings = {
evaluate : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
escape : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
};
// When customizing `templateSettings`, if you don't want to define an
// interpolation, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that is
// guaranteed not to match.
var noMatch = /.^/;
// Within an interpolation, evaluation, or escaping, remove HTML escaping
// that had been previously added.
var unescape = function(code) {
return code.replace(/\\\\/g, '\\').replace(/\\'/g, "'");
};
// JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
// Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
// and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
_.template = function(str, data) {
var c = _.templateSettings;
var tmpl = 'var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};' +
'with(obj||{}){__p.push(\'' +
str.replace(/\\/g, '\\\\')
.replace(/'/g, "\\'")
.replace(c.escape || noMatch, function(match, code) {
return "',_.escape(" + unescape(code) + "),'";
})
.replace(c.interpolate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
return "'," + unescape(code) + ",'";
})
.replace(c.evaluate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
return "');" + unescape(code).replace(/[\r\n\t]/g, ' ') + ";__p.push('";
})
.replace(/\r/g, '\\r')
.replace(/\n/g, '\\n')
.replace(/\t/g, '\\t')
+ "');}return __p.join('');";
var func = new Function('obj', '_', tmpl);
if (data) return func(data, _);
return function(data) {
return func.call(this, data, _);
};
};
// Add a "chain" function, which will delegate to the wrapper.
_.chain = function(obj) {
return _(obj).chain();
};
// The OOP Wrapper
// ---------------
// If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
// can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
// underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
var wrapper = function(obj) { this._wrapped = obj; };
// Expose `wrapper.prototype` as `_.prototype`
_.prototype = wrapper.prototype;
// Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
var result = function(obj, chain) {
return chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
};
// A method to easily add functions to the OOP wrapper.
var addToWrapper = function(name, func) {
wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
var args = slice.call(arguments);
unshift.call(args, this._wrapped);
return result(func.apply(_, args), this._chain);
};
};
// Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
_.mixin(_);
// Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
var method = ArrayProto[name];
wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
var wrapped = this._wrapped;
method.apply(wrapped, arguments);
var length = wrapped.length;
if ((name == 'shift' || name == 'splice') && length === 0) delete wrapped[0];
return result(wrapped, this._chain);
};
});
// Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
var method = ArrayProto[name];
wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
return result(method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments), this._chain);
};
});
// Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
wrapper.prototype.chain = function() {
this._chain = true;
return this;
};
// Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
wrapper.prototype.value = function() {
return this._wrapped;
};
}).call(this);
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